upstream manufacturer meaning in Chinese

上游厂商

The cellular phone distribution channel is characterized as a linear pattern , starting from upstream manufacturers , through intermediary distributors and retailers , and finally reaching end users
手机分销渠道发展到今天，已形成厂家、分销商、零售商到终端用户的线性分销模式。
In contrast , few literatures focuses the type of vertical restraints imposed on manufacturers by retailers . however , in the past decade , due to the technology innovation , retailers in many industries have become bigger in size to utilize economies of scale and scope , with the industrial concentration enhanced , retailers , especially the chained store retailers , seem to acquire the buyer power when bargaining with manufacturers and the retailers with bargaining power tend to impose vertical restraints on upstream manufacturers . examples of these restraints include slotting fee , listing fee , upfront payment among which the slotting allowance has become the fuse to induce the conflicts between the upstream and downstream
伴随着社会经济进入后工业时代和零售业的日益集中趋势的发展,以连锁方式经营的少数零售商具有的买方势力越来越强,这些具有买方势力的零售商开始反过来限制零售商,在这些零售商施加的纵向限制中,零售商向制造商和供货商收取诸如进场费、上架费、销售返利等通道费用成为了引发制造商和零售商争端的最主要的限制方式。